Master Japanese N5: Foreign Words (外来語 - Gairaigo)

Welcome to your ultimate guide to Gairaigo (外来語)—foreign loanwords in Japanese!外来語

As an N5 student, you have a secret weapon: thousands of Japanese words actually come from English, Portuguese, Dutch, and German. To write these words, Japanese uses the Katakana (カタカナ) alphabet.

In this guide, you will learn how foreign words are adapted, how to write them, and how to use them in everyday N5 grammar.

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Japanese syllables almost always end in a vowel (A, I, U, E, O). Because English words often end in consonants, Japanese "Japanizes" them by adding vowels.

Rule A: The Vowel Cushion

• If an English word ends in a consonant, Japanese usually adds "u" (or "o" for 't' and 'd').
  • Post $\rightarrow$ ポスト (posuto)
  • Bag $\rightarrow$ バッグ (baggu)

Rule B: The Long Vowel Mark (ー)

To represent long English vowels, Katakana uses a straight line called a Chōonpu (長音符).長音符

• Stroke Order Tip: Write this line from left to right in horizontal writing, and top to bottom in vertical writing.
  • Taxi $\rightarrow$ タクシー (takushī)
  • Supermarket $\rightarrow$ スーパー (sūpā)

Rule C: Double Consonants (The Small ッ)

The small ッ (tsu) represents a sudden pause before the next consonant (a double consonant in English).

• Cup $\rightarrow$ コップ (koppu)
• Bed $\rightarrow$ ベッド (beddo)

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Here are the most common loanwords you must know for the JLPT N5 exam:

Katakana Writing Tip: Watch out for シ (shi) vs. ツ (tsu)!

• For シ (shi), write the two small strokes horizontally, and stroke the long line from bottom to top.
• For ツ (tsu), write the two small strokes vertically, and stroke the long line from top to bottom.

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Gairaigo words function grammatically just like regular Japanese nouns.

Pattern 1: Direct Object + Particle を (o) + Verb

To do something to a foreign object, use the object particle を.

• コーヒーを飲みます。
  • Kōhī o nomimasu.
  • I drink coffee.
  飲
• カメラを買いました。
  • Kamera o kaimashita.
  • I bought a camera.
  買

Pattern 2: Making Verbs with する (suru)

You can turn many English nouns into Japanese verbs simply by adding する (to do).

• コピー (Copy) + する $\rightarrow$ コピーする (To copy)
• テスト (Test) + する $\rightarrow$ テストする (To test/take a test)

Example:
レポートをコピーします。
Repōto o kopī shimasu.
I will copy the report.

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Be careful! Some Katakana words look like English but have different meanings in Japan. These are called Wasei-Eigo (和製英語).和製英語

1. マンション (manshon): Does not mean a luxury mansion; it means a standard apartment/condominium.
2. スマート (sumāto): Does not mean smart (intelligent); it means slim/slender.

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Test your knowledge by translating these sentences into Japanese:

1. I will write in the notebook. (Hint: Use the particle に for "in/on" and 書きます [kakimasu] for "write").書
2. This is a hotel. (Hint: Use これは [kore wa] and です [desu]).

Answers:

1. ノートに書きます。 (Nōto ni kakimasu.)書
2. これはホテルです。 (Kore wa hoteru desu.)