によって / に対して / について (Main Guide)
Master N2 Grammar: Demystifying によって, に対して, and について
Welcome to your JLPT N2 masterclass. Today, we are demystifying three of the most frequently tested—and easily confused—compound particles in Japanese: によって, に対して, and について.
While they all contain the particle に, their functions are vastly different. Let’s break down their nuances, structures, and real-world applications.
1. によって (Ni yotte) — The Multi-Tool
によって is one of the most versatile grammar points in Japanese. It has four distinct meanings depending on the context.
Connection:
- Noun + によって (Noun modifier form: 〜による + Noun)
The 4 Key Functions:
- The Passive Agent (By): Used in passive sentences to indicate the creator or instigator of an action.
- この小説は、夏目漱石によって書かれた。
- Kono shousetsu wa, Natsume Souseki ni yotte kakareta.
- This novel was written by Souseki Natsume.
- Cause & Reason (Due to / Because of): Indicates a cause that leads to a result (often negative or non-volitional).
- 台風によって、多くの家が被害を受けた。
- Taifu ni yotte, ooku no ie ga higai o uketa.
- Due to the typhoon, many houses suffered damage.
- Means & Method (Through / By means of):
- インターネットによって、世界中の人と繋がれる。
- Intaanetto ni yotte, sekaijuu no hito to tsunagareru.
- We can connect with people all over the world through the internet.
- Dependence & Variation (Depending on): Often paired with 違う (differ) or 変わる (change).
- 人によって、考え方が異なります。
- Hito ni yotte, kangaekata ga kotonarimasu.
- Ways of thinking differ depending on the person.
2. に対して (Ni taishite) — The Target and Contrast
に対して has two primary functions: directing an action/feeling toward a target, or contrasting two opposing things.
Connection:
- Noun + に対して (Noun modifier form: 〜に対する + Noun)
- Plain Form + のに対して (for contrast)
The 2 Key Functions:
- Target of Action or Attitude (Toward / To): Shows who or what an action, attitude, or feeling is directed at.
- お客さまに対して、丁寧な言葉を使いましょう。
- Okyakusama ni taishite, teinei na kotoba o tsukaimashou.
- Let's use polite language toward our customers.
- Contrast (While / In contrast to): Directly compares two contrasting elements.
- 兄が社交的なのに対して、弟は内向的だ。
- Ani ga shakouteki na no ni taishite, otouto wa naikouteki da.
- In contrast to his older brother being outgoing, the younger brother is introverted.
3. について (Ni tsuite) — The Focused Spotlight
について is used to introduce a topic of thought, speech, research, or writing. Think of it as placing a spotlight on your subject.
Connection:
- Noun + について (Noun modifier form: 〜についての + Noun)
Example:
- 日本の文化について研究しています。
- Nihon no bunka ni tsuite kenkyuu shite imasu.
- I am conducting research about Japanese culture.
💡 Elite Tutor Tip: Do not confuse について with に関して (ni kanshite). While both mean "about,"
に関してis more formal and covers a broader, indirect scope, whereasについてis more direct and specific.
Summary Comparison Table
| Grammar | Core Meaning | Noun Modifier Form | Example Context |
|---|---|---|---|
| によって | By (agent) / Due to / By means of / Depending on | 〜による | 台風による被害 (Damage due to the typhoon) |
| に対して | Toward (target) / In contrast to | 〜に対する | 先生に対する態度 (Attitude toward the teacher) |
| について | About / Regarding (topic) | 〜についての | 政治についての本 (A book about politics) |
Challenge Time!
Test your understanding by filling in the blanks with によって, に対して, or について.
- 私の大学のルールは、年々厳しくなっている。これ( __________ )、学生から不満の声が上がっている。
- 地震( __________ )、ビルが倒壊した。
- 新しいプロジェクト( __________ )、会議で話し合いましょう。
Answers:
- に対して (Toward this rule, students are expressing dissatisfaction.)
- によって (Due to the earthquake, the building collapsed.)
- について (Let's discuss in the meeting about the new project.)
What should you do next?
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